Such an electric current is produced when electrons travel to and from between the electrode and the electrolyte. Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry in which the rates of different chemical reactions are studied. It elaborates on how different experimental conditions such as temperature, reaction medium or usage of catalysts can affect the speed with which reactions usually take place.
While a reaction is taking place, the intermediate states, before the final product which is created, are also studied. Many mathematical calculations regarding rate calculation are also highlighted in the Class 12 chemistry NCERT book PDF, which should be practised rigorously by students.
Surface chemistry, along with surface physics, deals with the chemical and physical changes on the surfaces which results in when two different states of matter come in contact. Solid-liquid interfaces, solid-vacuum interfaces and liquid-gas interfaces are some of the most common areas where research takes place. Applications of surface chemistry are studied as surface engineering. This is an important chapter in the NCERT Chemistry Class 12 PDF, students should have a brief idea of the adsorption of liquids and gases, which is a common theme in surface chemistry.
Many elements like gold, silver, carbon and Sulphur are present in the form of ores along with a plethora of other elements, which are then isolated with the help of chemical reactions. These forms of element isolation have to be feasible enough to be performed under laboratory conditions.
Different blocks of the periodic table are named differently by scientists based on their electronic configuration. Following those rules, the elements present in groups 13 to 18 are called p-block elements and have a general configuration ns2np P-Block elements contain all three types of elements — metals, nonmetals and metalloids and are the only group to have so.
Similar to p-block elements, d and f-block elements are found in nature and included in the periodic table. D-block ranges from groups 3 to 12 and starts with the 4th period. They are transition elements, between the highly electropositive elements in groups 1 and 2 and the weakly electropositive elements of groups 13 to The f-block elements usually appear as a footnote in the standard column periodic table and contain metals of periods 6 and 7.
A vital topic in the NCERT Chemistry Class 12 PDF, coordination compounds are those compounds which have a metal ion in their centre called coordination centre with ions of other elements joined with the centre ion, called ligands. The bonds between the metallic ion and its ligands are coordinated covalent bonds and are an area of prolonged study.
Two types of hydrocarbons — aliphatic and aromatic — when forming bonds with halogen compounds, are called haloalkanes and haloarenes respectively. These halogen ions, due to their strong electronegativity, replace the hydrogen atoms in organic molecules and form such compounds. The 12th NCERT chemistry PDF also mentions how the halogen atoms attach to the sp3 hybridised carbon in alkyl groups, while for aryl groups, they do so with the sp2 hybridized carbon.
Such compounds are of particular importance and used in various ways in our day to day lives. One of the key topics in organic chemistry, alcohols and phenols are formed when an -OH group, respectively replace hydrogen atoms in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Alcohols and phenols find extensive usage in our daily lives and are a major constituent inside the food we eat.
Ethers are compounds where the hydrogen atoms are replaced by an alkoxy R-O or aryloxy Ar-O group. Ethers are used in making fragrances. When carbon and hydrogen are attached to the carbonyl group, they are called aldehydes. If two carbon atoms bond with the group, they are known as ketones. And if the group bonds with an -OH group, it is called carboxylic acid. Like other organic compounds discussed before, amines are those compounds in which the hydrogen atoms in the ammonia NH3 molecule are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups.
Proteins and amino acids, which help in the intricate functioning of our muscles and other body parts, are all derivatives of amines.
Amines contain a nitrogen atom and another lone pair of electrons. It is about halogens. These are also the most reactive compounds, very likely to react with the metals. It will be a fun chapter because the compounds in this chapter are quite familiar. Transition elements, the least talked about elements. It may sound a bit tough, but just like the metals, these are relatively easy to learn.
This is all about hydrocarbons. You will feel a bit strange how a Hydrogen atom is enough to change the parent compounds, which is the most fantastic thing about this concept. This is all about aromatic hydrocarbons. Organic chemistry is a profound concept, and aromatic compounds are the most important ones among all. What happens when hydrocarbons react with halogens? Both are incredibly reactive, and learning their reactions will be fun. This chapter revolves around this very concept.
The 11 th chapter is about alcohol, phenols, and ethers. The 12 th chapter is about aldehydes and ethers. The 13 th one is about carboxylic acids. Both these chapters are essential to pass the practical paper of chemistry. The macro-molecules, which are often necessary to study the working of industries at large, and human beings at the smallest scales, are discussed in the 14 th chapter.
In the 15 th chapter, students will learn about the common industries in Pakistan, and the last chapter is about environmental chemistry. Studying through a PDF is tough, especially when you are learning a difficult subject like chemistry. However, if you make a strategy, then it may work as a beneficial turn. Studying with a pdf is not tough if you know how to keep yourself focused. The internet and other applications may distract you, but a sound and the focused person will always make it through.
It is a long book with several intermixed concepts. You may feel confused, but revising all these concepts three times before appearing in the exam can help. Get from Above Download Link or Directly from pctb. EMBED for wordpress. Want more? Advanced embedding details, examples, and help! Publication date Topics textbook , nelson , nelson chemistry , chemistry textbook , chemistry 12 , grade 12 Collection opensource Language English. This is the Edition. The edition can be found here.
This textbook is legally available to students taking this course at a school that has paid for the textbook. The full size textbook is M, but I've also made a compressed one that's 70M.
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